Introduction to Laozi’s Philosophical Legacy

Laozi, the semi-legendary Chinese philosopher traditionally credited with founding Taoism, left humanity a profound legacy through the Daodejing. This ancient text, composed around the 4th century BCE, presents a vision of harmony with the natural order, advocating for simplicity, humility, and non-interference. Its teachings on war, governance, and personal cultivation remain strikingly relevant in our modern world, offering insights into human nature, power, and peace. The passages examined here—often grouped as chapters 31 through 34 in common s—reveal a cohesive philosophy that connects the cosmic principle of the Dao to practical ethics in statecraft and individual life.

The Daoist View on Warfare and Violence

Laozi’s perspective on war is unequivocal: he regards weapons as instruments of profound misfortune, to be avoided at all costs. In his view, even defensive warfare, though sometimes necessary to resist oppression and protect the people, represents a tragic failure of harmony. He argues that those who walk the path of the Dao embody tranquility, emptiness, and softness, free from selfish desires. Such individuals naturally distance themselves from tools of violence. Laozi emphasizes that resorting to arms should always be a last resort, undertaken only when all other avenues have been exhausted. He goes so far as to state that victory in war should not be celebrated, for to glorify triumph is to revel in killing—a mindset utterly incompatible with achieving true fulfillment or ruling justly. This anti-militarist stance was radical in an era when war was often glorified as a means of expansion and prestige.

Ritual and Remembrance in the Context of Conflict

Embedded in Laozi’s discussion of war is a sophisticated understanding of ritual and symbolism. He notes that in ancient Chinese ceremonial practices, the left side was associated with auspicious events and civil affairs, while the right side was linked to inauspicious matters, including military functions. Thus, during peacetime, the gentleman honors the left, but in war, he honors the right. The placement of generals—with the lieutenant general on the left and the senior general on the right—reflects that warfare is conducted under the auspices of funeral rites. Laozi insists that after battles, especially those with heavy casualties, the proper response is mourning and sorrow, not jubilation. Victory should be commemorated with丧礼 , focusing on remembrance of the dead rather than exultation. This ritual framework underscores a deep humanitarian concern, recognizing the universal suffering caused by armed conflict.

The Unnameable Dao and Its Governing Principles

Transitioning from the ethics of war to metaphysical foundations, Laozi describes the Dao as eternally nameless and simple, yet possessing an irresistible power. Though subtle and imperceptible, it cannot be subjugated by any force in the world. If rulers adhere to its principles, all things will naturally submit to their guidance. The Dao operates without partiality, like the falling of dew when heaven and earth interact—it requires no human command to distribute itself evenly. This imagery conveys an ideal of spontaneous balance and equity, critiquing artificial systems of control. Laozi further explains that names and categories arise only after the emergence of the myriad things; once distinctions are made, knowing boundaries becomes essential to avoiding peril. The relationship between the Dao and the world is compared to that between rivers and the sea: all flows inevitably toward its source, yet the source claims no dominion.

Self-Knowledge and Inner Strength in Personal Cultivation

In his teachings on self-cultivation, Laozi prioritizes inner mastery over external achievements. He asserts that understanding others is a form of wisdom, but understanding oneself constitutes true clarity. Similarly, overcoming others demonstrates force, but overcoming one’s own weaknesses signifies genuine strength. These ideas reflect a broader emphasis on introspection and self-discipline as higher virtues than outward conquest. Laozi celebrates contentment as true wealth, perseverance as real ambition, and staying rooted in one’s essence as the key to endurance. Most profoundly, he defines longevity not merely as biological survival, but as achieving a state where one’s spirit persists beyond physical death. This holistic view of success redirects focus from material accumulation or social status to spiritual integrity and lasting influence.

The Paradox of Greatness Through Humility

Laozi’s dialectical thinking shines in his exposition on greatness and smallness. The Dao permeates all things, able to move in any direction. It sustains life without claiming ownership, accomplishes without taking credit, and nurtures without seeking dominance. Because of its self-effacing nature, it can be called “small”; yet, since all things return to it, it is also “great.” Ultimately, it achieves true greatness precisely by never asserting itself as great. This paradox serves as a model for human conduct, especially for leaders: the most effective rule comes through humility, service, and non-interference, not through arrogance or coercion. By aligning with the Dao’s example, individuals and rulers can attain enduring impact without provoking resistance or resentment.

Enduring Relevance in Contemporary Society

Laozi’s insights continue to resonate across millennia. In an age of perpetual conflict, his condemnation of militarism and call for compassionate remembrance offer an alternative to cycles of violence and retaliation. Modern movements for peace and reconciliation often echo his emphasis on mourning rather than glorifying war. His political philosophy, stressing humility and minimal interference, provides a critique of authoritarianism and excessive state control, aligning with libertarian and environmentalist thought. The focus on self-awareness and inner strength finds parallels in psychology and mindfulness practices, promoting mental resilience and ethical living. Furthermore, his dialectical view of greatness encourages a redefinition of success in leadership—valuing service over dominance, and sustainability over short-term gains. As humanity grapples with global challenges, from warfare to ecological crisis, Laozi’s wisdom reminds us of the power of simplicity, balance, and reverence for life.

Conclusion: The Universal Appeal of Laozi’s Teachings

Laozi’s writings transcend their ancient origins to address perennial human concerns. Through his integrated vision—connecting cosmology, ethics, governance, and personal growth—he presents a way of being that harmonizes with the natural order and fosters profound peace. His unflinching critique of violence, coupled with a compassionate regard for all life, challenges us to reconsider our relationship with power and conflict. Meanwhile, his teachings on the Dao and self-cultivation invite continuous reflection on the sources of true fulfillment. As the world grows ever more complex and fragmented, the timeless wisdom of Laozi endures, offering a path toward clarity, humility, and enduring significance.