The False Dawn of 1792 Like 1914, the year 1792 began with armies marching to war expecting triumphant homecomings by […]
The Powder Keg of European Politics In the late 18th century, Europe stood at a crossroads. The French Revolution had […]
The Powder Keg of Europe Ignites The French Revolutionary Wars erupted in April 1792 amid a continent simmering with ideological […]
The Powder Keg of Europe: Origins of Revolutionary Foreign Policy When the French National Constituent Assembly declared on May 22, […]
The Powder Keg of 18th Century Europe Europe in the late 1780s stood at a crossroads, with ancient empires and […]
The Fragmented Landscape of Central Europe In the mid-17th century, Central Europe presented a complex political mosaic. The Holy Roman […]
The Shifting Balance of Power in Postwar Europe The Treaty of Paris in 1763 marked the end of the Seven […]
The Fracturing Alliances After Aix-la-Chapelle The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 left Europe’s major powers simmering with mutual resentment. Maria […]
A Fragile Peace and the Seeds of Conflict The early 18th century was marked by a series of treaties—Utrecht (1713), […]
The Sun King’s Ambition: France at Its Peak In 1683, France stood at the apex of its European dominance under […]
The Military Genius of Frederick William and the Battle of Fehrbellin On June 22, 1675, Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg […]
A Philosopher’s Triumphant Return to Paris On March 30, 1778, an extraordinary scene unfolded at the Théâtre Français in Paris […]
The Dawn of Enlightenment: Intellectual Foundations The mid-18th century marked the maturation of the European public sphere, where rational culture […]
The Decline of Latin and Rise of Vernacular Languages The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed a profound linguistic revolution that […]
The Spiritual Landscape of Early Modern Europe The witch hunts that swept across Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries […]
The Crucible of Early Modern Europe The period between 1648 and 1815 represents one of the most intellectually fertile and […]
The Rise of Palace-Building in 17th-18th Century Europe From the mid-17th to the late 18th century, Europe witnessed an unprecedented […]
The Origins of Courtly Hunting Traditions The ritualized spectacle of royal hunting reached its zenith in 17th- and 18th-century Europe, […]
The Grand Tour and the Rise of the Vedute The 18th century saw the flourishing of the veduta—detailed landscape paintings […]
The Transformation of Political Allegiance In the mid-18th century, Abbé de Véri (1724–1799) observed a striking shift in Parisian society: […]