The collapse of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) is often attributed to external pressures—peasant rebellions, Manchu invasions, and economic crises. Yet […]
The Fragile Foundation of the Southern Ming When the Ming Dynasty collapsed in 1644 following the fall of Beijing to […]
The Collapse of the Ming Dynasty and the Southern Refuge In the spring of 1644, the Ming Dynasty faced its […]
The Fall of Beijing and the Southern Dilemma The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng’s rebel forces in April 1644 […]
The Shun Dynasty’s Precarious Position After Shanhaiguan The defeat of Li Zicheng’s Shun forces at the Battle of Shanhaiguan in […]
The Collapse of the Ming and the Shun Interregnum The year 1644 marked one of the most dramatic turning points […]
A Dynasty in Crisis: The Late Ming Context The early 1640s marked the twilight years of China’s Ming Dynasty, a […]
The Historical Context of the Shun Dynasty’s Emergence The mid-17th century marked a turbulent period in Chinese history, as the […]
