The closing chapter of Queen Elizabeth I’s reign was marked by political intrigue, emotional turmoil, and an evolving succession crisis that would shape the future of England and Scotland. Central to this tumultuous period was the tragic downfall of Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex, whose execution left a profound impact on the Queen and the nation. This article explores the complex political landscape, the key figures who shaped the last years of Elizabeth’s rule, and the legacy that followed her death.

The Execution of the Earl of Essex: Justice or Tragedy?

Robert Devereux, the Earl of Essex, was once a favored courtier and military commander, known for his charisma and audacity. However, his relationship with Queen Elizabeth I deteriorated drastically, culminating in his rebellion and subsequent execution in 1601. Despite ordering Essex’s execution, Elizabeth displayed no public remorse. To her, Essex’s death was an act of justice necessary to preserve the realm and royal authority.

Yet, privately, the Queen remained haunted by his memory. She wore a ring given to her by Essex for the remainder of her life—a silent token of affection and sorrow. This duality—public firmness and private grief—highlights the complexity of Elizabeth’s character and the personal costs of political power.

Robert Cecil: The Rise of a Political Powerhouse

Following Essex’s death, Robert Cecil emerged as the most powerful figure in England. As a shrewd and capable statesman, Cecil wielded immense influence over the government and the Queen’s administration. However, he was not widely popular among the public, who viewed him, along with Sir Walter Raleigh, as one of the executioners responsible for Essex’s demise.

A popular rhyme of the time captured this mistrust by calling him “little Cecil, who comes and goes with ease, controlling the court and the sovereign.” Although somewhat exaggerated, this sentiment reflected widespread suspicion of Cecil’s behind-the-scenes authority. Nevertheless, Cecil maintained that the Queen’s will was absolute and that no one dared oppose her decisions—not even Raleigh, whose pride and jealousy ultimately kept him from challenging Cecil’s dominance.

The Succession Dilemma: Secret Correspondence with James VI of Scotland

By early 1601, Robert Cecil was already preparing for the inevitable transition of power. Recognizing that Elizabeth had no direct heir, Cecil began secret correspondence with James VI of Scotland, the most likely successor to the English throne. This discreet diplomacy aimed to secure Cecil’s position in the new regime and ensure a peaceful succession.

Cecil assured James that he would never encourage actions that undermined Elizabeth’s authority, but promised that if James heeded his advice, the transfer of power could be managed smoothly. James, eager to maintain his prospects, cooperated willingly.

In May 1601, James sent emissaries to Elizabeth requesting that she openly name her successor. Cecil reported back that Elizabeth’s response was negative and even hostile to the suggestion. The Queen recoiled at discussions of succession, reacting with what contemporary observers described as a pathological aversion. Her refusal to clarify the issue created tension between her and James, who at one point contemplated seeking foreign support to press his claim.

Despite this strain, Elizabeth privately regarded James as the most suitable heir, though she refrained from public endorsement. In confidential conversations, she dismissed the idea that anyone else could succeed her as foolish, indicating her awareness of the political reality even as she delayed confrontation with it.

Elizabeth’s Emotional Decline: Mourning and Melancholy

The months after Essex’s execution took a heavy toll on Elizabeth’s mental and emotional state. Once vibrant and resolute, the Queen became withdrawn, often retreating to dark chambers to mourn in private. She exhibited signs of depression, with a growing disinterest in governance and increasing forgetfulness.

During her final two years on the throne, Elizabeth’s willpower seemed eroded. Many of her long-serving advisors had passed away, leaving her isolated and misunderstood. In the summer of 1602, she confided in the French ambassador that she felt weary of life, unable to find joy in anything. References to Essex brought her to the brink of tears, though she maintained that his downfall was self-inflicted, a consequence of defying royal authority.

Her mood swings and neglect of state affairs fueled public concern and criticism. Questions arose about the wisdom of allowing an aging monarch, beset by frailty and sorrow, to continue ruling.

Political and Economic Challenges in Elizabeth’s Final Years

The political landscape during Elizabeth’s twilight years was fraught with difficulties. The protracted war with Spain strained England’s resources, while economic problems worsened the plight of ordinary citizens. The government’s attempts to reform were hampered by entrenched corruption and inefficiency, especially within the royal court.

Elizabeth’s decision to drastically cut the court’s budget left many courtiers struggling amid rising prices. This deepened dissatisfaction and increased the public’s yearning for a new ruler who could restore stability and prosperity. Corruption and bribery became pervasive, with the Queen lamenting the scarcity of trustworthy and honest officials.

Her complaints about “fox-like” schemers in the court underscored the decline in moral and political standards, highlighting the challenges of maintaining effective governance at the end of a long reign.

The Role of William Lambarde and Historical Records

In August 1602, Elizabeth received William Lambarde, a noted antiquarian and keeper of documents at the Tower of London. Lambarde’s visit to present copies of archival catalogs reflected the Queen’s ongoing interest in England’s legal and historical heritage, even as her health and focus waned.

This moment symbolized the tension between Elizabeth’s fading personal vigor and her enduring commitment to the monarchy’s institutional legacy. As she prepared to leave the throne, the preservation of England’s past became as important as the uncertain future that awaited.

Legacy and Conclusion: The End of an Era

Elizabeth I’s final years were a mixture of personal sorrow, political calculation, and looming uncertainty. The execution of the Earl of Essex underscored the harsh realities of power, while her reliance on Robert Cecil shaped the political landscape that would usher in the Stuart dynasty.

Her refusal to publicly name a successor prolonged tensions with James VI of Scotland, yet her private recognition of him ensured a relatively peaceful transition after her death in 1603. Despite her emotional struggles and the challenges of her later years, Elizabeth’s reign left an indelible mark on English history.

She navigated religious divisions, foreign threats, and domestic upheavals to maintain a fragile peace and foster a cultural renaissance. The melancholy that shadowed her final days only adds to the poignancy of her legacy—a monarch both formidable and deeply human, whose story continues to captivate historians and readers alike.